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The Unit 18 is the last unit of the course that includes English grammar. In this unit we examine modal auxiliary verbs, the passive voice and briefly overview phrasal verbs and relative clauses.
There are many modal verbs in English which are used to express need, necessity, obligation, permission, prohibition, possibility, probability, ability or advice, as well as used in formal speech to designate degrees of formality in various situations. The list of these modals with the examples is conviniently arranged and provided in the chart.
There are two voices in English: the active and the passive. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The passive voice is applied when we need to shift the focus from the agent (doer) of an action to the patient (undergoer). The necessity to do that can be different, e.g. we want to emphasize the object of an action or we don't know who performs the action, it is not important or we don't want to mention that.
A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. Normally such clause equals sentence, but there are also clauses that can't stand alone independently. Such are dependent clauses and relative clause is their variation. Dependent clause is always connected to the main one, because without that it seems awkward or incomplete. There are 2 types of relative clauses: defining where the information given is essential to the meaning of the sentence and non-defining that can easily be omitted.
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle (sometimes even 2 particles). Particles are either a preposition or an adverb or an adverb plus preposition. The whole structure operates as one item, one verb. There are transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs, separable and inseparable ones. Teachers should pay attention on this subject and introduce their students with phrasal verbs at the begining of the study by providing these items little by little during the course.
