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This unit covered some complex grammar concepts, modal auxiliary verbs, active and passive voice, relative clauses, and phrasal verbs. The modals are the following words: can, may, might, should, could, would, must, have to, and need to. Modal verb are used in conjunction with other verbs to add meaning to the overall tone of the sentence. Modals can covey a number of ideas but some examples would be formality, obligation, possibility, permission or prohibition, ability, or advice. The active voice and passive voice are differentiated by the focus either being on the doer of the verb (active) or the object of the verb (passive). In the passive voice the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the sentence. Passive voice is used when the doer of the action is either less important or unknown. An example of two sentences, one in each voice, would be: "Maria closed the shop last night" and "The shop was closed by Maria last night". Both sentences mean the same thing but in the first one "Maria" is the important part of the sentence, which implies that it matters who it was who closed the shop. In the second sentence the implication is that the shop closing is more important than who actually did it. A relative clause is a type of a dependent clause. A clause contains at least a subject and a verb, there are independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a complete sentence, whereas a dependent clause is not and must be connected to an independent clause. A relative clause modifies a noun, it can describe, identify, or give more information about the noun to which it refers. A relative clause can be thought of in two ways, defining and non-defining. A defining relative clause is necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. An example would be "My brother who's married lives in California". This sentence implies that I have more than one brother and the defining factor between my brothers is whether or not he is married. In a non-defining relative clause the information provided is not essential to the meaning of the overall sentence. A non-defining relative clause gives defining information, but if it were taken out of the sentence, the sentence would still make sense. A non-defining relative clause is usually separated by commas. For example "My dog, who has black ears and white paws, loves to walk in the forest"; the sentence would still have the same meaning if it were just "My dog loves to walk in the forest". Phrasal verbs are a combination of a verb and one or two particles, the particle being a preposition, an adverb, or both. There are three types of Phrasal verbs, intransitive, transitive separable, and transitive inseparable. Intransitive phrasal verbs are not proceeded by a direct object, for example "She is being a show off". Transitive separable phrasal verbs are structured differently with object pronouns and object nouns. An object pronoun in a transitive separable phrasal verb has to come between the verb and the particle for example "I took her out for dinner", not "I took out her for dinner". An object noun, however, can come either between the verb and particle or after them. For example "I picked Michael up from home" or "I picked up Michael from home". A transitive inseparable phrasal verb will always have the object phrase or pronoun come after the particle. This type also covers instances where the phrasal verb includes two particles. Some examples would be "The cow jumped over the moon" and "I caught up with Jenna when I saw her at the market".