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The modal auxiliary verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to, have got to, need to, needn't and ought to. They are used before other verbs to add meaning to the main verb. Modals can be used to express a number of different ideas, such as: obligation, possibility/probability, permission/prohibition, ability and advise. They can be used to express differing degrees of formality and can change the meaning of the main verb. The two voices used in English are the active voice and the passive voice. In the passive voice, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. In the active voice, the focus is on the agent whereas in the passive voice, the focus is on the subject. In the passive voice, the agent (doer of the action) is much less important and may not appear at all in the sentence. -I did the chores today. -The chores were done today. The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb 'be' plus the past participle with the tense remaining the same for both voices. The passive voice is most often used when it is not known, not important, or we don't want to say, exactly who performs an action. A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun and is also known as an adjective clause. A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun: who, which, what, whose, whom, etc. or there may be no relative pronoun. The two types of relative clauses are defining and non-defining. The information given in a defining relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, whereas it is not essential in a non-defining relative clause. -My brother in Canada won the lottery. ('in Canada' is essential to defining which brother). -My brother, in Canada, won the lottery (if I have only one brother, 'in Canada' is not essential). If we change the sentence to: 'My brother won the lottery.' the same basic information is conveyed, because 'in Canada' is not essential. Commas a critical in non-defining relative clauses. Phrasal verbs or multi word verbs, consist of a verb plus one or two particles. A particle may be a preposition, an adverb, or an adverb plus a preposition operating as one item. There are three different types of phrasal verbs: intransitive, transitive separable, and transitive inseparable. Intransitives cannot be followed by a direct object. With transitive separables the object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle, but an object noun can come either between the verb and the particle or after the particle. With transitive inseparables the object phrase or object pronoun both come after the particle. This type also includes phrasal verbs that have two particles: an adverb followed by a preposition. AS the addition of the particle frequently changes the meaning of the verb, phrasal verbs are very difficult for students to understand. I learned a lot about modals, phrasal verbs, and passive voice during this lesson. These language items can be difficult for students to learn, especially phrasal verbs. Teachers should use them naturally in conversation so these language items become familiar to students. Choosing interesting subjects for active stage activities can be very helpful for students learning these language items. I think it is important for teachers to introduce these language items slowly and carefully so students don't become intimidated and frustrated by them. It is important for teaches to be encouraging and supportive when teaching diffiecult subjects like these.