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There are 5 forms of conditionals, to be used when expressing hypotheticals or possibilities in the past, present or future. These are categorized as zero, one, two, three and mixed, with rules for each depending on the time the speaker is referring to. Zero conditional is used for factual statements which have known consequences. For example "when we put ice cream in the sun it melts."
First conditional is used for a probable or possible situation/reaction which will occur once the condition has been satisfied. For example, "if I eat this whole cake I will be sick."
Second conditional is used for a hypothetical situation in the present or future which is unlikely to happen. For example, "If I were an astronaut I would eat popcorn in space."
Third conditional is used for a purely hypothetical past action which did not happen, but if it had then something different would have occurred (than what did occur.) For example, "If I hadn't swerved I would have hit her."
Mixed conditional is when second and third conditional clauses are combined, using a hypothetical past event with a hypothetical present consequence. For example, "If I had gotten pregnant as a teenager my kid would be grown up now."
This unit also covered reported speech, where I learnt the rules for converting tenses when delivering information to another person. The tense from direct speech to reported speech in most cases changes from the present to the past in the same tense form - for example, present simple becomes past simple, present perfect continuous becomes past perfect continuous. However, past simple becomes past perfect, past continuous becomes past perfect continuous, and past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same. It was helpful to see the rules and examples and practise converting statements to their correct tense when reporting speech.
