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Conditionals are sentences that express past, present, future speculations and/or possibilities. Mosty of the time, these sentences contain the word if or when. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences. Most of the time, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. The zero conditional is used when the situation is real and possible, (if/when plus simple present) The first conditional is used to refer to a possible condition and its probable result. The if/when clause is in the simple present and the main clause is in the simple future. The Second conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. Tje if/when clause is in the simple past form while the main clause is in the present conditional. The Third conditional is used to express a time in the past when an unreal past condition and its probable past result. The if/when clause uses the past perfect and the main clause uses the perfect conditional. LAstly, the Mixed conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. The if/when clause is inte past perfect form and the main clause uses thepresent conditional. Direct and Indirect speech are two ways of reporting a statement of a person. Direct speech is a representation of the actual words that someone else said. It is usually written between quotation marks Reported speech, on the otherhand, tenses are changed and pronouns are used.