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Unit 16 covers the grammar rules and uses of conditionals and reported speech.
There are five types of conditionals that can be used.
Zero conditional - Refers to actions and facts that are irrefutable.
First conditional - A real situation in the future that is possible, probable and almost certain, once the condition has been satisfied.
Second conditional - Is a present or future hypothetical situation that is presently not true and unlikely to happen.
Third conditional - Is a hypothetical past action that would have a hypothetical past result or consequence.
Mixed conditional - This is a combination of the second and third conditional and refers to a hypothetical past action with a hypothetical present result.
The second half of this unit covers reported speech which uses reported verse such as say or tell to report what other people have said. The unit explains when using reported speech backshifting occurs, meaning the verbs shift back a tense. An example of this is present simple shifting to past simple and past simple shifting to past perfect. Past perfect and past perfect continuous however do not shift. Backshifting also occurs with the use of time expressions, for example today becomes that day and yesterday becomes the day before.
