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Unit 13 is dedicated to teaching pronunciation and phonology. This is one of the most difficult parts of teaching English because frequently it is unnoticed. The terms phonetics and phonology are usually used interchangeably. In this unit we deal with such parts of English phonology as stress, intonation, and rhythm.
The most difficult part is intonation. Intonation provides the message of the sentence. There are three types of intonation. The typical one is rise/fall intonation. Also we can meet fall/rise and flat intonations. To make students understand this notion teachers can use nonsense words, gestures, singing, humming, and marks on the board.
Every sentence has a stressed words and every word has a stress. There are two basic rules about words stress: we can stress only syllables and one word has only one stress.
To teach students stress teachers can use the following techniques: contrastive stress, gestures, marks on the board, stress marks, choral work.
Also it is important to introduce the phonemic alphabet to students as it helps with correct pronunciation.
To pronounce the sounds correctly teachers may explain their students articulation. There are several places of articulation such as velar, palatal, palatal-alveolar, alveolar, dental, labio-dental, bilabial, glottal. As well there are several types of articulation manner, e.g. plosive, fricative, nasal, lateral, affricate, approximant.
There is a question about when we should teach pronunciation. Different teacher do different. Some of them spend the whole lesson, some prefer to have pronunciation work each lesson, others teach this issue only when it comes up in the lesson.
