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This unit takes us back to English grammar and the different forms and how to use and teach them effectively in the classroom. We are also given the differences between direct and reported speech which is also known as indirect speech. We are introduced to conditionals which are sentences containing `if‘ or `when‘ which refer to past, present and future possibilities. Conditional clauses contain the `if‘ clause and the main clause. There are five main clauses which include: Zero, First, Second, Third, Fourth and Mixed Conditionals. Zero conditional makes reference to `real‘ situations in the future that is possible, probable or even certain, once the condition has been satisfied. An example: When you boil water, you get steam. The present tense here is used The first conditional communicates a present or future `unreal‘, hypothetical situation that is presently not true and is unlikely even to be true. Example: If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. Take note that `will‘ can be replaced by a modal verb (may, might, can, should, must). The present simple is used here. Third conditional refers to a hypothetical past action or non-action and the hypothetical past consequence/result. Example: If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble now. The past perfect is used here. Finally, with mixed conditional the second conditional clause and the third conditional clause is combined. The mixed conditional clause refers to a hypothetical past action or state, and the hypothetical present consequence. Example: If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble now. The past perfect is used to create a mixed conditional clause The difficulties that students may have is seeing the difference in usage between the first and second conditionals. The same problem may likely with the third and mixed conditionals. There are various ideas or exercises teachers can use to teach conditionals. For instance, split sentences, complete the conditional, nuclear bunker role play. Direct speech is when we report what someone says by repeating the exact words. In writing we use inverted commas and the present tense is used. However, the tense can change if the conversation which is being reported happened in the past. Example: present continuous to past continuous. Indirect speech also called reported speech is when we give the same meaning of what someone says without repeating the exact words. We also do not use inverted commas. We use the past tense in reported or indirect speech. Note should also be taken that question words (who, what, where, when, etc.) do not change, but the verb changes into the positive form. Question marks are also omitted in reported speech. It should also be noted that pronouns denoting who is being spoken to can also change depending on the context. Example “ I love you,” she said. Can become she said she loved me/you/him/her, etc. Time expressions can be converted depending there is an expression of time or place in the sentence. It may therefore be changed, depending on the situation. Other examples include: `today‘ becomes `that day‘, `yesterday‘ becomes `the day before‘ or `the previous day‘. Example, Peter: “I worked in the garden yesterday” (direct speech), Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before (reported speech). Teaching time expressions can be very generally very difficult as students will tend to make mistakes/errors. This can be as a result of changes that are made with the verb tenses, patterns, pronouns, questions, time expressions, etc. these changes need to be taught as students progress through the levels and so should be taught slowly and thoroughly. Some good ideas to teach time expressions would be to ask students to act media which often report third parties speech. Another good example is an intermediary role play exercise whereby students are asked to role play two spouses that have stopped talking to each other and will only communicate through a third party.