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Unit 16 is devoted to grammar issue such as conditionals and reported speech.
Conditionals are the sentences containing “if” which refer to past, present and future possibilities. There are five conditionals as follows: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, third conditional and mixed conditional.
The Zero conditionals form is if/when + present tense, present tence. It is used for actions that are irrefutable.
The First conditionals form is if + present simple, will. It is used to talk about real situation in the future, something that is possible.
The Second conditionals form is if + past simple, would/could/might + verb. It is used to talk about unreal situations or something that cannot be true.
The Third conditionals form is if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle. It is used for hypothetical past result.
The Mixed conditionals form is if + past perfect, would + verb. It is used to talk about hypothetical action in past and the hypothetical results in present.
To teach conditionals the teacher can use the following techniques: to split sentences, to complete the conditionals, to chain conditionals, etc.
We need the reported speech to retell someone’s speech. When we change direct speech into reported it is necessary to remember about verb tenses changing. For example, present tenses turn to past tenses, past simple changes into past perfect, past continuous to past perfect continuous, will to would, past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same. Also pronouns should be changed depending on the context. Time expressions are also changing when we build the reported speech. For example, “today” can be changed into “that day”, “yesterday” into “the day before”, “tomorrow” into “the next day”, etc.
