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Unit 16 is about conditionals and reported speech Conditional sentences containing (if) or (when) in a sentences which refer to present , future , and past . in the conditional sentences there are two sentences . We have 5 conditional sentences : 1-zero conditional 2-first conditional 3-second conditional 4-third conditional 5-mixed conditional Zero conditional If or when +present tense , present tense They are talking about fact and are irrefutable . for example . water turns to ice, if you freeze it First conditional If+present simple , will ( Can be replaced with different kind of modal like ,may,might,can , could, should , must ) It talks about real situation in future when conditional sentence has been satisfied. If he studies hard , he will pass the exam . Second conditional If+ past simple ,would /could / might it is unreal present If I had money ,I could immigrate to USA . Third conditional: if + past perfect. Would /could /might +have + past participle Refers to a hypothetical past action and the hypothetical past consequence/result . If I had practiced a lot , I could have passed the exam. Mixed conditional : We sometimes combine second conditional clause with third conditional clause. If I had listened to him , I would be in serious trouble now . It is hypothetical past action or state and hypothetical present consequence. Indirect and direct speech When we turn direct question in to indirect the following changes also take place. We keep the question word s ( when , why , who , what , how etc..) but the form of the verb changes in to the positive form , the question mark being omitted in indirect questions . We change the verb ( say ) in to (ask) or( inquire)….and the tense of indirect speech is the same as that of the reporting verb Direct sentence : "how you are feeling last night", ken? Phili asked , how ken was feeling . If there is no question word in this case we use ( if or whether) . "is any one there?"he asked He asked if/whether anyone was there. Again there will be no question marks in indirect speech . Verbs changes according to chart below Present simple changes to past simple Present continuous changes to past continuous Present perfect to past perfect Present perfect continuous to past perfect continuous Past simple to past perfect Past continuous to past perfect continuous Will to would Past perfect to past perfect Past perfect continuous to past perfect continuous Time expression changes according to below : To day to that day Yesterday to the day before or previous day Tomorrow becomes next day or the day after Teaching Ideas are : 1-intermediaries 2-reporting verbs 3-media interviews