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Unit 13 about pronunciation which is the most neglected aspect of English language .teachers often unable to teach it methodically and most of them don’t have sufficient knowledge in this area .even though native speakers find it difficult when they are facing with fall or rising of speech
Effective teacher consider the teaching pronunciation as an integral part of teaching course.
Phonology : phonology is the study , science , analysis and classification of the physical properties of sounds . in other words phonology deals with sound system of particular language . So dealing with stress , rhythm , and intonation and focusing on international alphabetic and its use in helping students for come to an understanding of the pronunciation is called phonology .
Intonation:
Intonation is generally considered to e the variation in volume and pitch in a whole sense whereas stress is more concerned with individual words . Intonation carries the message in a sentence. It is particularly important in questioning, agreeing or disagreeing or confirming statements. It is also particularly important in questioning, agreeing or disagreeing or confirming statements and expressing uncertainty disbelief, sadness and happiness
The normal pattern of intonation in a statement is the rise /fall intonation .
I haven’t seen him for a week .
But in the sentence please shut the door. As speaker don’t want to say more the intonation falling.
The second common intonation pattern is the fall / rise pattern . this indicates surprise and often disagreement and speaker wants the person to whom he is speaking to respond or confirm .
For example : you don’t really mean that , do you ?
Techniques for teaching intonation:
Nonsense word s /by gesture / humming or singing /gesture / the board
Stress:
By using stress we can understand speakers mean by understanding the sentence strong part which is the stressed word or the word that emphasis the sentence. There are some rules for stress in English for multisyllabic words.
1-one word had only one syllable and cant have two stresses . we should remember that stress belong to syllable not a vowels or consonants.
For example :
Stress on two syllable noun and adjective like china++ CHI NA and slender SLEN DER is in the first syllable .
If a verb has two part like decide ==== dec ide stress is on last syllable .for example in decide which has two syllables , stress is in second part of syllables .
Stress is on penultimate syllables when the word ends in –ic like pathetic===pa.thet.ic stress is on ( thet)
When words end to sion or tion stress is on penultimate syllable .
For example : television its syllables are tel .e. vi. Sion so the stress will be on ( vi ) or
Competition its syllables are as follows com.pe.ti.tion so stress will be on ( ti )
Stress is on ante penultimate in words ending ( in, cy, ty, phy and gy )
Democracy which its syllables are DE. Moc. Ra. Cy and stress is on ( moc)
Dependability which its syllables are de.pend.a.bil.i.ty and stress is on ( BIL)
Photography which its syllables are pho.tog.ra.phy and stress I is on ( tog)
Geology which its syllables are ge.ol.o.gy and stress is on (ol)
Word ending in –ive like relative which its syllables are rel.a.tive and stress is on ( rel )
Word ending in – al like critical which its syllables are crit.i.cal and stress is on ( crit)
In compound nouns like blackbird stress is on first part in this word stress is on black
In compound adjective stress is on second part . bad tempered in this word stress is on tempered
In compound verb stress is on second part like understand which the stress is on ( stand )
In English sentences only vital syllables in the words which has essential information has stress sign .
Auxiliary verb ( be . have , has ,do ..) are rarely stressed .
Articles are normally unstressed ( a . an . the ) and pronounced with short form of (er) with not more hint of ( r) sound
Techniques for teaching stress are contrastive stress / by gesture / choral work /the board / stress marks
The speech organs are tongue / larynx/glottis – which play an important role in producing sound and alveolar ridge and hard palate and soft palate( velum) which are area of mouth
Velar consonant : are sounds like /K/ and /G/ producing by rising your tongue to soft palate in mouth
Palatal : the central part of tongue which in producing /J/ sound in yellow becomes curved
Palatal alveolar :
