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Unit 13 talk about pronunciation and phonology. The areas of stress, intonation, rhythm and the Phonetic Alphabet help students to understand the pronunciation of English.
Intonation carries the message in a sentence. It is the volume and pitch in the entire sentence. The techniques for teaching intonation are:
• Nonsense words – used to practice conveying attitude.
• By gesture – using your hand to give the pitch of the sentence.
• Humming or singing – humming or singing sentences to hear the stress and intonation.
• The board – making marks on the board to show the direction of the intonation.
The strong part in a sentence is the stressed word. The two rules about word stress are:
• One word has only one stress and if there is a secondary stress, the stress is smaller than the main stress and used in longer words.
• Only syllables can be stressed and not individual vowels or consonants.
Some techniques for indicating and teaching stress are:
• Contrastive stress
• By gesture
• Choral stress
• The board
• Stress marks
The major ways in which sounds join in English are linking, sound dropping, sound changing and extra lettering. Some words are spelt different from how they are pronounced and may be problematic for English learners. To solve this problem, a teacher can encourage students to use a dictionary which has the universal phonetic alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system that is used to represent phonetic sounds with symbols. This alphabet helps with the pronunciation of words.
Some teaching techniques for individual sounds are:
• Peer dictation – students reading and speaking words or sentences for their peers to write down.
• Your own mouth – over-emphasizing the individual parts of a word.
• Visuals – drawing a mouth diagram to show how a particular sound is made.
• Phonemes – symbols for common or difficult sounds
• Tongue Twisters
