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In English there are four aspects to the present tense; they are the present simple, present continuous, present perfect, and present perfect continuous. The present simple follows the subject + conjugated verb form and is typically used to describe things like facts, routines, directions, and present stories. The present simple uses the verb "do" in the negative and question forms. The present continuous describes actions which are happening in the present moment, to make note of frequent actions, to talk about a changing situation, or to talk about temporary actions occurring around the time of speaking. The present continuous follows the subject + conjugated (auxiliary) verb "be" + verb+ing form. For example "I am waiting for the mailman to come today."
The present perfect form relates something that happened in the past to the present moment. The present perfect uses the subject + auxiliary verb "have" + past participle form. It is frequently used to communicate past actions with present results, something that began in the past and is still true in the present, something that happened in the past during an indefinite period of time, and actions which happened in the past in an unfinished time period at the time of speaking. This form will often illicit the use of the words "for" or "since", which have their differences in the English language. "Since" is used when we are pin-pointing a time in the past which relates to the present. For example "We have been in a relationship since July." "For", in this case, refers to periods of time where the action has been occurring. For example, "I have not been to the dentist for two months". The present perfect form may also use "been" and "gone" as the past participles, in which case "gone" means the excursion is still in progress, while "been" means it is over.
The present perfect continuous, like the present perfect, relates past activities to the present but with the implication that the activity is likely to continue, and/or has been in progress for a significant amount of time. The two uses of this form are to describe how long an ongoing activity has been happening and to describe a recently finished activity which has a present result. The present perfect continuous takes the form of subject + auxiliary verb "have" + been + verb+ing. This form places the emphasis on the action more so than the result of the completed action. For example, "I have been exercising since noon, so I'm very hungry."
