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Unit 4 introduces the four different present tenses in English. They are present simple, present progressive, present perfect and present perfect progressive. How to form these tenses and how to use them is explained as well. The text also mentions affirmatives, questions and negatives.
Present simple is used for habits and routines. It is quite simple but a lot of mistakes are made with the 3rd person singular form because it needs an additional s (He likes chocolate / I like chocolate).
Present progressive or continous is used for ongoing actions which are happening at the moment of speaking. I need the present simple form of to be and the present participle to form it. A common mistake here is for example students using "do" for questions (like you would with simple present).
Present Perfect can be used for several things but the most common use in my opinion is for experiences, meaning things that the speaker has done at one unspecified point in time (I have been to New York before.). We need to have/has and the past participle for the present perfect. Difficulties here are usin the correct form of have (many students struggle with using has for the 3rd PS) or using the correct form for the past participle (irregular verbs are difficult). During teaching I´ve found that explaining the concept of present perfect is quite difficult because students struggle to understand for what it is used (it can be continuous but does not have to be, etc).
Present Perfect continuous is used for actions starting in the past and continuing until now. We need have/has plus been plus the present participle form. Many mistakes can be made here but I´ve found that if students understand the other present tenses, it is usually not very difficult for them to learn the present perfect progressive.
