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Unit 13 is about the teaching of pronunciation and phonology .This unit treats details English phonology like intonation, . JUST like unit 11, unit 12 talks about two of the four language skills but this time productive skills that is speaking and writing .I learnt that when two or more people are communicating, it is because of one of the following reasons: they have some communication purpose, they want to say something etc, therefore teaching communicative activity should consider the factors above. Furthermore the difference between accuracy (concentrating on producing the correct language) and fluency (concentrated on allowing student to experiment and be creative with language)is brought out in this unit. Also learnt some speaking activities in the classroom like controlled activities, guided activities, etc. More so, Encouraging students to speak and techniques to encourage interaction is well elaborated in this unit and understood. Finally, with Writing skills emphasis should be on handwriting, spellings, layout and punctuation .stress, rhythms. Intonation is generally considered to be the variation in volume and pitch in a whole sentence whereas stress is more concern on individual words. Intonation pattern can be (fall/rise. rise/fall). Also, I learnt some techniques in indicating and teaching intonation like nonsense words, by gesture, humming and singing, the board. Furthermore stress has two simple rules about words stress that is one word has one stress, although some words have secondary stress. And we can only stress syllables not individual vowels or consonants. I learnt some rules of stress like stress on the first syllable is mostly in nouns and adjectives , stress on penultimate syllable ;words ending with -ic , words ending in - sion and -tion and so on .More so , techniques for indicating and teaching stress like choral word, gesture ,constructive stress etc .Finally , the phonemic alphabet which contain the phonemic symbols with some consonants beings voiced like /n/, /b/ etc and others unvoiced like /t/, /k/etc, vowels and diphthongs. Some of the speech organs are the tongue , the larynx , the alveolar ridge etc and the articulation of consonants is voiced or unvoiced because of the place of articulation like bilabial, alveolar, palatal, dental etc and manner of articulation ; plosive , fricative , affricate, nasal etc .
