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Unit 13:phonology is the study of the physical properties of sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation, IPA
- Intonation: variation in volume & pitch in a whole sentence ,normal rise/fall
o Rise/fall :agree ,finished, questions,
o Fall/rise :disagreement ,surprise
o Flat; does not have much to talk,
o Techniques for teaching intonations :Nonsense words ,By gesture ,humming or singing,the board
- Stress :the strong part of the sentence is stressed ,after it the intonation begins to fall
o Syllabus not individual vowels,
o one words has one stress
o Techniques for teaching stress : contrastive stress,By gesture , choral work , the board , stress mark
o Sound joining , linking.changing,dropping,extra lettering
- The phonemic alphabet :
o Articulation : speech organ
o Places of articulation :
? Velar /k/g/,tongue against the velum
? palatal /j/,the tongue high up against the palate
? palatal-alveolar (message) tongue back from the alveolar ridge ,
? alveolar /t/ ,/d/ ./l/ , /r/ tip of the tongue is in the alveolar ridge
? dental /th/ ,(top & bottom teeth )
? labio dental /f/ /v/, (top row of teeth & lower lip )
? bilabial //B/ /P/,/M/,/W/(both upper & lower lips)
? glottal/h/in the glottis ,back in the throat
o Manner of articulation :plosive (air blocked before being released, p,t,k,g )
? ,fractive (f,v,s , ,th ,/z / sh,ion) ,
? Nasal (m,n,ng ), lateral /L/,
? Affricative(closure but gradual release of air ,ch( ,
? Approximant /w/ , /r/,/j/
