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In this lesson I learned about the present tense. In particular, I learned about its forms, the uses of those forms, and general rules about conjugations. ITTT identifies 12 distinct tenses, more broadly split into the past, present, and future. Each of those larger umbrellas can be broken down into the simple, continuous (a.k.a. progressive), perfect, and perfect continuous tenses. This lesson covered the four forms of the present tense and their structure in the affirmative, negative, and in question form.
Simple present: For the simple present tense, most verbs are conjugated by adding an 's' on the end. Those verbs ending in 'y' usually are conjugated by adding an 'ies' on the end. Verbs ending in o, s, z, x, ch, and sh are usually conjugated by adding 'es' on the end. The simple present is used to describe, general truths, routines, directions, and fixed arrangements, among others.
Present continuous: This tense uses the present tense of the verb 'to be' plus the present participle of the verb (i.e. adding an -ing). This tense is used to describe an ongoing action in the moment, but can also be used to describe a future event which has already been planned for (among other uses). The action is also unfinished or incomplete. Verbs that describe the state of things (e.g., taste, smell, emotions) are not normally used in this tense.
Present perfect: The present perfect utilizes simple present conjugation of the verb 'to have.' It also utilizes contracted forms of 'to have' when used in the negative (e.g. haven't). It is used to described something that happened before the present at an unspecified time and may be continuing into the present or have recently ended.
Present perfect continuous: This tense utilizes the the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (e.g. have been) and the present participle of the verb (i.e., add -ing). This tense is used to describe an action or event that started at an unspecified time in the past and may have recently completed or is still ongoing. The tense focuses on both the process of such an event, and its implications or result.
I liked this unit's recommendation to use stories as a way to teach the present tense. I think this would be a great activity to use during the "activate" portion of an ESA lesson.
