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In this final grammar section I learned about modals verbs, phrase verbs, and the passive voice.
Modal verbs include: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to, have got to, need to, need not, and ought to. They are placed before other verbs to layer on meaning to the main verb. They are used to indicate ideas such as obligation, possibility, permission, prohibition, ability, and advice. They can also denote degrees of formality.
Activities that can be employed to teach about modal auxiliary verbs include role plays such as describing rules, signs, or giving advice.
The passive voice is also covered in this unit. The other voice in English is the active voice. In the active voice, the subject performs the action, and thus the focus is on the subject. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action, so the focus does not really highlight the subject. The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb "be" and the past participle. The tense is usually used either when the subject performing the action is unknown or unimportant.
In this unit I also learned about clauses, or a grouping of words that contain a subject and verb. There are three kinds of clauses: independent, dependent, and relative (a.k.a. adjective clause). Independent clauses can stand on their own; dependent clauses must be attached to an independent clause; and relative clauses modifies a noun and provides more information about said noun.
There are two kinds of relative clauses: defining and non-defining. Defining relative clauses provide information essential to the meaning of a sentence and utilize pronouns to help assign and convey that meaning. Non-defining relative clauses are suspended between commas and provide nonessential information to a sentence, meaning that they could be omitted.
Phrasal verbs, another part of this unit (non-defining relative clause!), refer to verbs that contain multiple parts, namely one or two additional particles. There are three kinds of phrasal verbs: Intransitive (cannot be followed by direct objects), transitive separable (the phrasal verb components can be split), and transitive inseparable (the phrasal verb components can't be split). The unit notes that these verbs can be tricky and may best be taught as vocabulary.
